How many participants were included in Raine's study?

• A. 30 NGRIs and 30 controls
• B. 41 NGRIs and 41 controls
• C. 50 NGRIs and 50 controls
• D. 20 NGRIs and 20 controls

Answer: (B)

Raine's study, which investigated the neurological differences between individuals with antisocial personality disorder and control subjects, included a total of 41 participants in each group—41 individuals diagnosed as not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRIs) and 41 matched controls. This design aimed to ensure that the two groups were comparable in terms of factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status, allowing for a more rigorous examination of the specific neurological attributes associated with the NGRI group. The balanced sample size enhances the validity of the findings and allows for better statistical analysis between the two groups, highlighting the critical relationship between biological factors and behavior in the context of the study.