What association was found with deficits in the prefrontal cortex according to Raine?

• A. Higher levels of empathy
• B. Increased impulsivity
• C. Better decision-making skills
• D. Lower aggression levels

Answer: (B)

Deficits in the prefrontal cortex are associated with increased impulsivity. The prefrontal cortex is crucial for a variety of higher-order cognitive functions, including impulse control, planning, and decision-making. When this area of the brain is compromised, individuals often experience difficulties in regulating their immediate responses and may act on impulse without considering the consequences. This lack of self-control can lead to behaviors that are rash or reckless, consistent with findings in various studies, including Raine's research, which emphasizes the role of the prefrontal cortex in moderating impulsive actions.

In contrast, the remaining options reflect associations that do not align with the typical outcomes of prefrontal cortex deficits. For instance, higher levels of empathy, better decision-making skills, and lower aggression levels generally indicate more effective functioning of the prefrontal cortex, which helps with social cognition, rational thought, and emotional regulation.