What effect does prenatal exposure to testosterone have on behavior?

• A. It decreases spatial abilities
• B. It has no effect on aggression
• C. It may increase competitive aggression
• D. It enhances verbal skills

Answer: (C)

Prenatal exposure to testosterone is known to have significant implications for behavior, particularly in terms of aggression and competition. High levels of testosterone during critical periods of development can influence brain structure and function, which are associated with aggressive behaviors. Research suggests that individuals who have higher levels of prenatal testosterone are often more competitive and may exhibit more aggressive behaviors in social contexts.

This increase in competitive aggression is thought to stem from testosterone's role in shaping neural pathways and influencing the development of areas of the brain associated with aggression, such as the amygdala. Studies have shown correlations between elevated testosterone levels and tendencies toward more aggressive or competitive behavior, particularly in males, who typically have higher levels of this hormone.

Considering this biological underpinning, the assertion that prenatal exposure to testosterone may increase competitive aggression aligns with existing research, making it the most accurate choice among the options provided.