Which factors did Raine suggest might increase the risk of biological predisposition to antisocial behaviors?

• A. Living in urban environments
• B. Access to mental health resources
• C. Birth complications, poor parenting, and prenatal influences
• D. Exposure to violent media

Answer: (C)

The choice highlighting birth complications, poor parenting, and prenatal influences is correct because these factors have been identified as significant contributors to biological predisposition for antisocial behavior. Raine’s research emphasizes the importance of early developmental experiences in shaping behavioral outcomes. Birth complications can lead to neurological issues that may predispose individuals to antisocial tendencies, while inadequate parenting can create an environment that fails to mitigate these risks. Prenatal influences, such as maternal substance abuse or stress during pregnancy, can also affect brain development and increase the likelihood of future behavioral problems. Together, these elements provide a strong basis for understanding how biological predispositions can interact with environmental factors to influence antisocial behavior.