Which of the following tasks was NOT part of Raine et al. (1997) study procedure?

• A. Participants completed a cognitive task
• B. Participants underwent a brain scan after a waiting period
• C. Participants provided DNA samples for analysis
• D. Participants were injected with a FDG tracer

Answer: (C)

In Raine et al. (1997), the study focused on examining the brain activity of murderers compared to non-murderers using neuroimaging techniques. The researchers employed various methods to assess brain function and structure. Participants completed cognitive tasks to evaluate their functioning and then underwent brain scans to visualize differences in brain activity. Additionally, a FDG tracer was injected to help highlight active areas of the brain during these tasks.

Providing DNA samples for analysis, however, was not part of the procedure in this research. The primary aim was to analyze brain function through neuroimaging rather than genetic analysis. Therefore, option C stands out as the task that was not included in the study, as it does not align with the methods employed to investigate the neural correlates of behavior related to violent crime.